Senge’s message is that organisations obtain competitive advantage (see article) from continuous learning, both individual and collective.

圣吉的意思便是，组织通过持续地学习（既有个人自修也有集体学习）获得竞争优势。

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Learning is a collective enterprise, so everybody will benefit from an engaged, intense, and constructive conversation.

学习是一项集体的活动，每个人都能受益于热烈又有建设性的讨论。

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The theories of transaction cost, resource, knowledge spillover and synergy are deployed to analyze the causes of the collective learning.

采用交易费用理论、资源观理论、知识外溢性理论和协同理论对集体学习的动因进行分析。

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Ideas are created, shared and revised, emulating the collective learning common for the classroom.

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Consumers are learning they do have a collective voice and they are not powerless.

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Bottom line: by relying on N-of-1 anecdotes rather than a more systematically gathered dataset from their own patients, physicians miss out on profound learning opportunities, and patients miss the opportunity to benefit from the collective experience of each other.

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