The theory was put to the test in 1901 by Mario Lazzarini, a mathematician who dropped 3408 needles to get a value of 3.1415929…, correct to the first six decimal places.

1901年，意大利数学家马里奥·拉扎里尼对该理论进行了实验尝试，他一共掷出了3408根针，得出的π值为3.1415929…，这个数值准确到小数点后六位。

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The more complex a company's structure, Mr Lazzarini finds, the less consumers and private shareholders benefit from public investment in it.

ECONOMIST: Competition policy in Brazil

Interestingly, in further research in Brazil, Musacchio and Lazzarini found that companies that received direct government investment, as opposed to subsidized loans, tended to have better performance overall, a phenomenon they attribute to increased accountability and oversight.

FORBES: What Capitalists Should Know About State-Owned Enterprises

In their paper an advance treatment for a more in-depth book on the reinvention of state capitalism due out next year Musacchio and Lazzarini make the distinction between companies that are majority-owned by government, and those in which the government has a minority position, a situation that has become increasingly more common over the past few decades.

FORBES: What Capitalists Should Know About State-Owned Enterprises