OSI/RM classify the structure of the network into application layer, presentation layer, session layer, transport layer, network layer, data link layer and physical layer.

OSI/RM将计算机网络将网体系结构划分为应用层、表示层、会话层、传输层、网络层、 数据链路层和 物理层七个层次。

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Although the FIX protocol was updated in the past year to free FIX apps from that session layer, he says, most of these apps are still running the FIX session layer.

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And security tools really don't help here, Goldsmith says, although strong firewalling and external session-layer encryption are helpful.

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