The fourth part elaborates the reconciliation of the law liability and punishment, and then draws the justice acceptability principle;

第五章则阐述了裁判的法律效果与社会效果的统一，并派生出司法谦抑原则。

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It is found in an employer's liability for the torts of her employees, in common law liability for defamation, and in liability for selling defective products.

在雇主对雇员的侵权责任中、在诽谤行为的普通法责任中、在销售缺陷产品应承担的责任中，都会发现此类规定。

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The other is that economic law holds that the main function of this liability is to maintain the whole social interest, so it is economic law liability instead of civil liability.

二是经济法，认为这一责任形式的主要功能是维护整体利益，因而是经济法责任而不是民事责任。

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The two factors most closely associated with higher liability costs are the number of lawyers and whether the country has a common-law system like the U.S., where judges decide much of the law governing liability or a civil law tradition, where the rules are set down in a relatively unchanging civil code.

FORBES: Study Pins Higher U.S. Liability Costs On Lawyers, Court System

Yesterday, the U. S. Supreme Court recognized that Congress meant what it said, holding that the Vaccine Act expressly preempts all state-law products liability suits challenging the design of widely administered childhood vaccines, which the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has already determined to be safe and effective.

FORBES: High Court Upholds Federal Preemption of Design Defect Claims Against Vaccine Makers

Then in 1811 New York state brought in a general limited-liability law for manufacturing companies.

ECONOMIST: Millennium issue