The model is based on the semiconductor laser rate equations and the structure of the VCSEL chip, and every element in the circuit is represented.

等效电路的提出是基于半导体激光器速率方程以及VCSEL芯片结构，电路中各元件都有严格的物理意义。

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Laser based splitting method, object to be split, and semiconductor element chip.

基于激光的分割方法，待分割物体，和半导体元件芯片。

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This paper studies the thermal lensing effect of optical element under laser heating at non-thermal equilibrium state.

研究了强激光作用下非热平衡状态光学元件的热透镜效应。

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And, just as light waves of the same frequency can be made to resonate in step with one another and so form a laser beam, it should be possible to make atoms of the same element resonate similarly.

ECONOMIST: The 2001 Nobel prizes: Playing catch-up | The