Now a study in the journal Science shows the impact of this wholesale elimination of large predators and other animals at the top of local food chains. James Estes et al.

如今，《科学》杂志的一项研究表明了大型肉食动物以及其他食物链顶端的动物大规模消失所带来的影响。

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The total acreage taken up by the pipelines, wind projects and related development isn't that large, but the open spaces they create allow predators and invasive species to permeate a canopy of trees that once kept them at bay.

WSJ: Northeast drilling boom threatens forest wildlife

Dr Jakob Vinther, of the University of Bristol, agrees: "The fact they were having a diverse diet of both small and large dinosaurs and primitive birds could suggest that they were not specialist predators but more likely a scavenger - a sort of vulture".

BBC: Small dinosaur 'hunted like cat'

As for the Greenland shark's own predators, they don't have many because of their very large body size.

MSN: Presenting the world's slowest shark - Technology & science - Science - DiscoveryNews.com | NBC News