But solid academic research was lacking until a few years ago.

但是直到前几年才有可靠的学术研究出现。

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Generally speaking, a degree will usually be mandatory for those younger candidates lacking solid, relevant job experience.

一般来说，学位证书对那些缺乏扎实的技能，相关工作经验的候选年轻人才是强制要求的。

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Italy's fighter pilots, after all, are often described by their counterparts in terms familiar from the world of sport: flashy, skilful, sometimes a bit reckless, and lacking the patience to be solid team players.

ECONOMIST: Italian brothers in arms