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On the aspect of labor demand, this paper focuses on the substitution effects of capital and technology and the income effects.

劳动力需求方面，重点分析了资本和技术的替代作用以及收入水平对劳动力需求的影响。

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By discussing elasticity of substitution, labor increase and cumulative causation of this model, we present characteristics of this model.

最后讨论了模型中替代弹性变化、劳动力增加以及累积循环过程所体现的特征。

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Recent studies based on data for contiguous counties across state borders have ignored labor-labor substitution and wrongly concluded that higher minimum wages do not adversely affect employment.

FORBES: The Minimum Wage Delusion, And The Death Of Common Sense

So how do Americans plan ahead for an economic climate of weak government support, international labor competition, and technological substitution?

FORBES: Is Your Job Robot-Proof?