It also challenges the labor force supply and the pension system.

这也对劳动力供给和养老金制度提出了挑战。

youdao

In this article, however, the writer argues that marginal utility theory can only be used to deduce labor (work time) supply curve, but not labor force supply curve.

本文认为边际效用理论并不能推导劳动力供给曲线，它只能据以推导劳动(时间)供给曲线。

youdao

Labor force supply and demand forecast.

劳动力供求预测。

youdao

In fact, if you ask me what the level of employment will be five or 10 years from now, I would probably ignore demand factors and focus on supply factors such as the expected growth in the labor force due to demographics and factors affecting the labor force participation rate.

FORBES: Supply Side Employment Growth