Labelling theory can explain some crimes, but research shows that non - penalty measures have not been successful to prevent crimes.

尽管标签理论能够解释一些犯罪，但是，研究显示，采取非刑罚措施对预防犯罪并未获得太大成功。

youdao

This ambiguity also frustrates American trade officials, who consider European labelling laws, both in theory and in their rather confused practice, to be a technical barrier to trade.

ECONOMIST: Food for thought | The