交纳丁税是 Kufr (不信道者) 和蒙羞的一种象征。
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kufr abil 艾比勒村
Kufr Disbelief 不信
以上来源于: WordNet
The most extreme consider co-operation with state institutions to be kufr, or unbelief.
一些最极端的人则考虑与国家机构合作,成为为kufr,即无信仰人士。
youdao
This is considered greater disbelief in Allah (kufr).
CENTERFORSECURITYPOLICY: Center For Security Policy
Imam Ibn Qayyim said there is no disagreement in the Islamic community (ummah) on the fact that it is not permissible to utter disbelief in Allah (kufr) except under compulsion, if the person is a believer.
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