Relation ties of knowledge chains inter-firm cooperation can greatly influence cooperation efficiency.

知识链组织之间合作的关系强度对合作的效率具有重要影响。

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This knowledge can be useful for debugging and for optimizing an application through an understanding of the call chains and their respective frequencies.

在正确了解调用链及其各自的频率之后，这些知识可能对调试和优化应用程序非常有用。

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Managers need market mapping, deep understanding of supply chains, knowledge of where the decisions are made and of who controls what and where.

经理们要了解市场需求、供应链，还要掌握在什么时候决策，由谁来决策，决策什么。

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They also want people with a good mix of industrial engineering knowledge and command of supply chains for efficiency, cost savings and risk reduction.

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Forming supply chains, obtaining services, strengthening infrastructure and sharing knowledge all become easier when companies bunch together.

ECONOMIST: Economics focus