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The existence of competition has been long known to naturalists; its effects were described by Darwin in considerable detail.

自然学家早就知道竞争的存在；达尔文对它的影响做了相当详细的描述。

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Switzerland has long been a centre for hedge funds thanks to its private Banks and rich individuals.

归功于瑞士的私有银行和富有个体，这里是对冲基金的一个集中地。

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Although she couldn't name who might now be sponsoring the group, she thinks it's unlikely the LRA has been able to sustain its campaign this long without outside help.

VOA: standard.2009.08.27

In September,a power struggle erupted in violence in the lower Juba region between al-Shabab and Hizbul Islam, a clan-based Islamist-nationalist group which had been al-Shabab's main ally in its year-long battle to overthrow the U.N.-backed government in Mogadishu.

VOA: standard.2010.01.02

"The reason for the change is all about extending the bee's commitment to its purpose, which long has been not only to help students improve their spelling, but also to increase the vocabulary, learn concepts and develop correct English usage, " she said.

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If Greece had its own currency, it would have been forced to devalue it long ago to reduce its debt burden.

FORBES: Second Quarter, 2012 Market Review & Outlook

For this reason, the U.S. tax rules governing the dollar-for-dollar foreign tax credit require a U.S. company to exhaust all effective remedies to reduce its taxes under foreign law, or else the credit will be denied in other words, U.S. law expects a U.S. company to take responsible measures to reduce its foreign tax liability, because this has long been understood to be in the national interest.

FORBES: U.S. Corporations Act Responsibly in Reducing Foreign Taxes