To balance out the equation, Americans, in the aggregate, either have to sell assets (stocks, real estate) or borrow money from abroad (by issuing Treasury bonds) to pay for the goods they buy.

为平衡方程序，总的来说，美国人就不得不出售资产(股票，不动产)或者从国外借款(通过发行财政长期债券)来偿还他们购买的商品。

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First, companies are raising more and more capital through privately issued loan instruments, as opposed to public equity-such as selling stocks or issuing bonds, which can be openly traded.

首先，公司在举越来越多的债务，通过私下发行的贷款工具，而不是采用向大众公开发行证券——比如出售股票或者发行债券，这些都可以进行公开的交易。

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Most preferred stocks include a call provision. This provision grants the issuing corporation the right to repurchase the stock from the Stockholders at a stipulated call price.

大多数优先股都包含一个赎回条款，这个条款授予发行公司一项向股东按规定的赎回价格回购股票的权力。

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These days, Bank of America, Citi, JPMorgan Chase, and others also help corporations and municipalities raise money by issuing stocks, bonds, and other securities on their behalf.

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Over the past two decades, emerging market countries and companies have increasingly looked to the private capital markets (i.e. the issuing of stocks and bonds) for larger-scale funding and away from their traditional reliance on syndicated commercial bank loans and Western government financing vehicles.

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Bankia, which has already been bailed out, fell more than 25% on the news, as they unveiled plans to fire 6, 000 employees, close 1, 117 branches (39% of the total), sell 15% of their assets over four years, and the issuing of stocks that will dramatically dilute current shareholders.

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