Infra-red (IR) radiation measurements, at high spatial and temporal resolution, have been made along a side of the grinding specimen to estimate workpiece surface and sub-surface temperatures.

在高空间、瞬时条件下红外辐射（IR）温度测量一直是沿磨削试件一侧进行测定试件表面和次表面的温度。

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The structure of this monomer were confirmed by means of Elements Analysis, Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FT-IR), 1H NMR.

其后又通过元素分析，1H-NMR和IR等方法，对该单体结构进行了结构表征。

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The first two were carried out with an FT-IR system, so using infra-red light, and the other using Raman spectroscopy.

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Infra-red (IR) camera monitors currently used by firefighters require lenses that can be blinded by intense fire, said researcher Pietro Ferraro, of the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Istituto Nazionale di Ottica in Italy.

BBC: fire fighting