And IP protection has been a real barrier in the past.

知识产权的保护在过去是一个真正的障碍。

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Second, some countries have adopted IP protection before signing the trade agreements.

第二种趋势是某些国家在签署贸易协定前就已采取了知识产权保护。

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There is a growing recognition that, in low-income countries, stronger IP protection is a barrier to access to medicines.

越来越多的人认为，在低收入国家，较强的知识产权保护是获得药品的障碍。

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On the other hand, life at the other extreme of IP protection can be a lot worse.

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For every foreign company calling for stronger IP protection, there are many more Chinese companies demanding the same.

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Some of these problematic IP enforcement matters are between two small companies, one having invested in IP protection, the other counting on the huge expense to keep the IP owner from enforcing its rights.

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