凡勃伦认为炫耀性消费有两种动机：一是歧视性对比（invidious comparison），指财富水平较高的阶层通过炫耀性消费来力争区别于财富水平较低的阶层；二是金钱竞赛（pecuniary emulation），指财富水平较低的...
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Willy is defined by the spirit of competition and by its corollary, invidious comparison.
NEWYORKER: Lives in Limbo
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