As for larger atomic clocks, current models measure the interaction of microwaves with electrically charged atoms, or ions, to measure one second.

对于较大的原子钟而言，当前的方法是以测量带电原子或离子发出的微波干涉方法确定一秒种的长度。

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However, the interaction energy reveals more than just chemical affinity. It also gives an idea of how volatile an element is, even if only one or two atoms are available.

这种相互作用能(interaction energy)不仅能表现出化学亲和力的大小，尚可揭示某种元素的挥发性强弱——即便只有一个或两个原子。

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Therefore, this work has some reference value for probing the interaction mechanism of atoms and molecules.

对进一步研究原子与分子相互作用的机制有一定的参考价值。

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The interaction between light and the atoms of individual elements in a star's outer layers causes some wavelengths to be suppressed, and others to be amplified.

ECONOMIST: Stellar origins

MRI, first developed 30 years ago, is based on a well established scientific technique, nuclear magnetic resonance, which uses the interaction of magnetic fields with the spin of the nuclei of atoms to provide detailed information on the constituents of chemicals and biological materials.

BBC: Study into health impact of MRI