As with any non-human inter-linguistic interpretations, the messages suffer in translation.
正如很多非人类语言间的翻译一样，消息的传递也因为翻译而饱受痛苦。
The present paper proposes three periods in the history of human translation: a period of inter-lingual oral communication, a period of written translation and a period of cultural translation.
本文认为，人类翻译经历了三个阶段，即口语翻译阶段、文字翻译阶段和文化翻译阶段，目前我们已经处于文化翻译阶段。
Translation is an inter-lingual communication.
翻译是跨语际的交际活动。
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