...个代表性的国家对欺诈标准进行了全面的研究，其中探讨了美国的“异常欺诈”（Egregious Fraud），故意欺诈（Intentional Fraud），法定信用证欺诈（ statutory letter of credit exception，此文认为Emery-Waterhouse Co. v.
Ballot-box hanky-panky is also much harder in an age of machine voting (the controversy in 2000 was not over intentionalfraud, but counting rules and ballot design).