...初级序列，引起基因突变，使单个细胞或少量细胞发生永久性的、不可逆的遗传性改变，此种细胞称为“启动细胞”（initiated cell），诱发细胞突变的因素称为启动剂。
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Iruela-Arispe said signaling inside the cell is different from that initiated outside the cell.
易努拉-阿瑞斯说，细胞内启动的信号不同于细胞外启动的信号。
At low concentrations ROS induce expression of defence genes and adaptive response, at high concentrations cell death is initiated.
在低浓度时，ROS能诱导防御基因的表达和引起适应反应；在高浓度时，引起细胞死亡。
The process is generally initiated by the application of carefully controlled conditions such as temperature and pH, so as to achieve cell death with out inactivating the natural hydrolytic enzyme.
这个过程一般通过控制温度、pH值而开始启动，就是让细胞失活但天然水解酶并不失活。
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