Ever since 1948 the foundation of "Information and coding theory" by Shannon, the channel coding technology has become an important part of communications.

自从1948年香农开创了“信息论与编码理论”以来，信道编码技术已经成为通信领域中一个重要的部分。

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He says retailers now have much more information because of bar coding and other technologies that allow them to track their goods from suppliers to the checkout line.

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Some specialize in "Ajax" coding, which allows information from things like maps, contact lists and calendars to appear on a single Web page, showing at a glance where next Thursday's dinner is and which guests you still need to call.

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The trust said it will be bringing in an independent team to look at current coding practices, and will be working with Bolton CCG to jointly review the information.

BBC: Royal Bolton Hospital