In a research context, the alternative hypothesis of a linear model needs to be established by theoretical and statistical arguments.

在研究环境中，需要通过理论参数和统计参数来建立线性模型备择假设。

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It refers to the act of cutting across the established divisions of responsibility (such as logging and performance optimization) in a given programming model.

它指的是在一个给定的编程模型中穿越既定的职责部分（比如日志记录和性能优化）的操作。

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The question is whether the industry's business model can cope with these threats even as the potential for growth in its established markets declines.

问题在于，IT产业的商业模式是否能迎接上述挑战，即使它们所在的市场已经减慢了增长速度。

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The idea is being floated in political and banking circles that a NAMA-style "bad bank" - similar to the model established in the Republic of Ireland - could be set up to remove these debts in the hope that this might free up bank lending once again.

BBC: Northern Ireland's business angels who act like dragons

The fallacy of our thinking is that employment in established corporations is the model for income stability and dependable professional development.

FORBES: Does It Pay to Become an Entrepreneur?

But the establishment clause in the constitution was intended to prevent the creation of an established church, on the model of the Church of England, not to prevent religious believers from expressing their beliefs in the public realm.

ECONOMIST: Lexington