The problems encountered in building large software systems are not simply scaled-up versions of the problems of writing small computer programs.

在建立大型软件系统时所遇到的问题并不仅仅是将编写小的计算机程序时所遇到的问题按比例放大。

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In moderate to large size business with extensive computer systems.

在拥有大量计算机系统的中型到大型企业。

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A batch of burgeoning branches of learning have occupied an important position in the country, such as Large-scale integrated circuit, computer science, optical fiber technology, systems engineering.

一批新兴学科如大规模集成电路，计算机科学，光纤技术，系统工程都在国内占有重要地位。

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But in large corporate computer systems, these patches can have an impact on other internal systems.

CNN: Sasser worm rips through Internet

Jan Verplancke, the chief information officer of Standard Chartered, says that international banks build their large computer systems in the places that have the most reliable communications and power networks and are least prone to natural disasters.

ECONOMIST: Winners and losers

Perfect Citizen will look at large, typically older computer control systems that were often designed without Internet connectivity or security in mind.

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