Recovery from infection by one provides lifelong immunity against that virus but confers only partial and transient protection against subsequent infection by the other three viruses.

感染一种病毒并恢复后，对该病毒具有终生免疫，但对此后感染的其他三种病毒只有部分和短暂免疫力。

youdao

Immunity is developed over years of exposure, and while it never gives complete protection, it does reduce the risk that malaria infection will cause severe disease.

多年接触会形成一定程度的免疫力，虽然这并不能完全防护，但确实会降低感染疟疾后出现重症的风险。

youdao

The number of yellow fever cases has increased over the past two decades due to declining population immunity to infection, deforestation, urbanization, population movements and climate change.

在过去二十年中，由于人群对疾病感染的免疫力下降、砍伐森林、城市化、人口流动和气候变化等因素的影响，黄热病病例数呈增加趋势。

youdao

Writing in The Lancet Infectious Diseases medical journal, Prof Laura Piddock of the school of immunity and infection at the University of Birmingham warned there were global implications from the misuse of antibiotics, and drug companies' failures to develop new ones.

BBC: Myth that antibiotics cure coughs and colds still rife

The work is a joint collaboration between the School of Pharmacy and Centre for Infection and Immunity at Queen's.

BBC: lungs

But Columbia University Professor Ian Lipkin, of the Mailman School of Public Health's Centre for Infection and Immunity, a scientific adviser on Contagion, is not convinced that crowdsourcing is an effective way to combat the spread of contagious diseases.

BBC: Can crowdsourcing beat the flu?