The dated isotope record shows that the fluctuations in global ice volume over the past several hundred thousand years have a pattern: an ice age occurs roughly once every 100,000 years.

同位素年代记录显示，过去几十万年全球冰量的波动有一个模式：冰河期大约每10万年发生一次。

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Kwok said: "ice volume allows us to calculate annual ice production and gives us an inventory of the fresh water and total ice mass stored in Arctic sea ice."

Kwok称：“通过冰层的总量，我们可以计算出每年冰的产生量，并列出一份北极冰盖中所含有的淡水和冰总量的清单。”

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The summer monsoon was driven by global ice volume in the glacial-interglacial scale, and also driven by other factors in more little scale.

夏季风在冰期与间冰期尺度上受全球冰量的影响，但在更短时间尺度上有其它驱动因子。

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The data from the study also shows that the decrease in ice volume has accelerated in the past five years, as well.

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They also look very similar to the simulations coming out of Piomas (Pan-Arctic Ice-Ocean Modelling and Assimilation System), an influential computer model that has been used to estimate Arctic sea-ice volume and which has been the basis for several predictions about when summer sea ice might disappear completely.

BBC: Cryosat spots Arctic sea-ice loss in autumn

The world's most powerful neutrino telescope, IceCube, uses Antarctic ice as the detector volume, with electronic equipment sunk throughout a cubic kilometer of ice -- enough water to fill a million swimming pools -- to detect signals from neutrinos interacting with the ice.

CNN: Why gamma-ray burst shocked scientists