The new study focused on surface melt, runoff and the number of days when bare ice, free of snow, is exposed to the Sun's radiative force.
这项新研究的重点是表面融化，径流以及暴露于太阳辐射下的裸冰和无雪天数。
However, even in its chilly beginnings, the surface of the Earth was ice-free.
然而，尽管地球有一个冷酷的开端，但其表面并没有冻结。
The separated (B4) oil can thus be collected from the relatively ice-free water surface (WL1) with an oil collecting device (200), which may have for example a brush skimmer.
因此能从相对无冰的水面(WL1)上利用油收集装置(200)来收集分离出的油(b4)，该油收集装置可例如具有刷式撇油器。
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