how loses
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以上为机器翻译结果，长、整句建议使用 人工翻译 。
And the mathematical expectation is how much wins when it wins, and how much it loses when it loses.
FORBES: Using Price Trends to Maximize Profits
Really, at the end of the day, what you are doing is, you are determining the probability and the mathematical expectation, which is the probability of how often it loses.
They also depend on how fat the profit margins are in the firm that loses custom, since that determines how much each consumer gains from switching.
ECONOMIST: Economics focus
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