Cow dung is traditionally used as a fuel and disinfectant in villages, while cow urine and dung are often consumed in rituals to "purify" those on the bottom rungs of the Hindu caste system.

在农村，牛粪是传统燃料和消毒剂，而牛尿和牛粪往往用在“净化”仪式上，目的是“净化”那些处于印度教等级制度最底层的教徒们。

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The Chowdulis are Muslim, and therefore outside of the traditional Hindu caste system.

WSJ: India Classifies More Castes as 'Backward' In Affirmative-Action Bid to Help the Poor

Their lives continue to be influenced by the ancient Hindu caste system, which assigns each person a place in the social hierarchy.

BBC: India profile

Christian converts, most of whom are born as dalits at the bottom of the Hindu caste system, often hide their new faith for fear of losing their rights to state jobs and university places kept for the lower castes.

ECONOMIST: Religious conversions