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In broad themes, database management systems (DBMSs) have historically been of three types: hierarchical, relational, and object-oriented.

从广义角度来说，数据库管理系统(DBMS)在历史上划分成三种类型：层次、关系和面向对象。

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Hierarchical systems find their roots in modernist models of creating systems of certainty and security through highly delineated boundaries of function, structure, order and logic.

FORBES: The Case for Crowdsourcing Innovation and Social Change

Many of the new wave work at FORBES. They do their jobs differently, freed from hierarchical editing systems to be accountable for their own success.

FORBES: Journalism's New Wave