Except no one is born with microbiota. It develops during the first year of life. Hence the age of the research subjects.

没有人生下来就有微生物群，它是在婴儿生下来后第一年内形成的。这段时期是研究者的研究课题。

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The first definition has no arguments, hence the empty square brackets.

第一个定义没有参数，因此方括号是空的。

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Hence, the problems first faced by the software community — dealing with the complexity of the state space — now face the system engineering and design community.

因此，软件团体首次面临的问题——解决状态空间的复杂性——现在面对系统工程和设计团队了。

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Hence the first reaction on January 27th, when Hiroshi Mitsuzuka, Japan's finance minister, announced that he was quitting, was a sharp raising of international eyebrows.

ECONOMIST: In Japan, he went

The Soviet-designed automatic assault rifle, the Avtomat Kalashnikova, was first manufactured in 1947 (hence its commonest version, the AK-47).

ECONOMIST: Guns in Africa

After all, retail sales and corporate capital spending are allegedly slowing down, hence the "disappointing" number for first-quarter GDP growth.

FORBES: Fact and Comment