Pre- and post-conditions and class invariants are not the only elements of contracts. There are also loop invariants and a few others, but pre- and post-conditions and class invariants are really the basic fabric of contracts. In my experience, relying on these notions—that is to say, making sure when you write software that don't just write the implementation, but also write the more abstract properties underlying the implementation in the form of contracts—provides a greatly added software development experience in several respects. It helps ensure correctness in the first place, helps debugging, helps testing, helps ensure inheritance is properly handled, helps managers, provides a quite effective form of documentation, and a few others.
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Helps managers on results 帮助管理人员进行结果导向的管理
Demand forecasting helps managers to use their resources effectively.
需求预测可以帮助管理者有效地使用资源。
Today, the information provided by computers helps managers compare standards with actual results, find out problems, and take corrective action before it is too late to make changes.
今天，计算机提供的信息能够帮助经营者比较标准与实际结果，发现问题，并及时采取纠正措施。
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