Intellectual property standards, especially patents and copyright, had negative effects or might have negative effects on the public domain.

知识产权标准，特别是专利和版权对于公有领域有负面或可能有负面影响。

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The rise of Chinese exports would not have had such negative effects on the American labor market if it had been offset by a commensurate rise of Chinese imports.

如果中国从美国进口商品的数量也相应地增多，中国的出口就不会对美国劳动力市场带来如此多的负面影响。

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Moreover, the IMF has rarely, if ever, effectively influenced the policies of large creditor countries even where such policies have had significant negative effects on others.

更重要的是，IFM几乎很少（如果有的话）对其主要债权国的政策施加过有效的影响，即使是某些政策已对其他成员造成了非常大的负面影响。

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