Since 1994, Shanghai has been developing its urban rail network from scratch.

自1994年以来，上海已经白手起家开发了其城市铁路网络。

youdao

Though printing organs is new, growing them from scratch on scaffolds has already been done successfully.

尽管打印器官这一技术还处于初级阶段，但是在支架中培育细胞生长已经取得成功。

youdao

Dr Venter's ambition to create a living organism from close to scratch began 15 years ago, and it has been public knowledge for a decade.

几乎从零开始创造一个活的有机体，这是文德尔十五年来的野心，近十年来更是众所周知。

youdao

Unlike the previous Flying Spur, which was essentially a stretched Continental GT, this car has been created from scratch and the Continental link has been severed.

BBC: Rolls-Royce unveils 'most powerful' model

The railway has been rebuilt from scratch by volunteers since 1976 and during 2010 its re-laid Purbeck Line carried more than 210, 000 passengers - the second best performance in its history.

BBC: Dorset volunteer-run railway's poster campaign

Kazakhstan's party system has been set up from scratch in a hurry.

ECONOMIST: Kazakhstan