The net effect of the formula is the normalization of the gross profit generated by individuals that have various billing rates, but will incur similar carbon emissions.
这个公式的最终效果是个人各种记账率产生的总利润，但将导致类似的碳排放。
The transformation formula of critical markup rate and critical gross profit rate is given, and their equivalency for the stability study is illustrated.
给出了临界加价率同临界毛利率的转换公式，说明他们对稳定性研究的等效性。
Aiming at the shortcoming of empiric formula in actual application, by using of integral method a new formula for the relationship between water losses and gross discharge is established.
针对经验公式在实际应用中的不足，利用积分方法，在经验公式的基础上推导出流量损失与毛流量之间的关系式。
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