The host, whether it is a person, bird, or pig, provides a place for influenzas to make contact, exchange genetic material, and form new viruses.

无论是人、鸟还是猪，作为宿主都能为流感病毒提供接触、交换遗传物质和形成新病毒的场所。

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The current winter season gives influenza viruses an opportunity to inter-mingle and possibly exchange their genetic material in unpredictable ways.

此一冬季使流感病毒有机会混合，并有可能以难以预测的方式交换其遗传物质。

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And this means that the viruses that we're seeing can exchange genetic material with other viruses that are circulating. This can happen in humans, in pigs, in birds.

不幸的是变异发生了，这意味着我们寻找的病毒跟流通的其他病毒会改变遗传物质，这可以发生在人类、猪和鸟类上。

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The breakthrough came with the discovery that the gene that controls genetic exchange, which goes by the prosaic name of PR-domain containing 9, or Prdm9, is also implicated in generating reproductive incompatibility between different members of the same species.

FORBES: The Human Genome at Ten

More than 2, 000 families with two or more affected children have donated DNA samples to the Autism Genetic Resource Exchange, funded by Autism Speaks, which makes the information available to researchers around the world.

WSJ: Why Kids Get Autism: New Genetic Clues

Typically these are created when two existing strains infecting an animal such as a bird or a pig exchange genetic material.

BBC: La Nina 'linked' to flu pandemics