Conventional transistors use a metal electrode, called the gate, to control the flow of electrons through a planar channel in the silicon substrate.

传统晶体管使用一个叫做“栅极”的金属电极，以控制电子在平面硅基片上的沟道中的流动。

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When the current applied by the gate is high enough, electrons flow through the channel between the source and drain electrodes.

当由栅极施加的电流足够强的时候，电子会在源极和栅极之间进行流动。

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In particular, as a non-volatile memory device undergoes many programming cycles, charge becomes trapped in the insulator or dielectric between the floating gate and the channel region.

特定来说，在非易失性存储器装置经历许多编程循环时，电荷变为俘获在浮动栅极与沟道区之间的绝缘体或电介质中。

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However, when that gate is opened, the sodium channel is now going to be incredibly selective and only let through sodium ions and no other type of ion.

但是，当闸门打开的时候，钠离子通道,将会有极高的选择性,不允许除钠离子以外的任何其它离子通过。

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Only when all the masking and etching is complete is the sacrificial gate layer dissolved away, allowing the gates (and the insulation layers between the gate and channel of each transistor) to be filled in.

ECONOMIST: Transistors: A tall story | The

But it will do so on conventional, cheap silicon wafers without the need for the modified wafers or ultra-thin channels required by the SOI consortium, a trick it accomplishes by adding a second gate beneath the channel.

ECONOMIST: Transistors

Building a transistor that sticks out of its parental chip lets many of its component atoms be deployed more usefully particularly those that constitute the channel and the gate.

ECONOMIST: Transistors