Utilising the cheap and plentiful coal tar that was an almost unlimited byproduct of London's gas street lighting, the dye works began producing the world's first synthetically dyed material in 1857.

煤焦油是伦敦煤气道路照明几乎无限的副产物，利用便宜量大的煤焦油，染厂于1857年开始生产世界上第一种合成染色材料。

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Greenhouse gas emissions of tar sands crude are 40% higher than conventional oil, and the open-pit mining has devastated Alberta's boreal forest.

焦油砂的温室气体排放量比普通石油高40%，露天采矿已经极大地破坏了阿尔伯塔的北方气候带森林。

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The amount of gas used means that a barrel of Californian heavy oil gives the stuff from Canada's tar sands a run for its money in terms of associated greenhouse-gas emissions.

根据相关的温室气体排放，天然气的耗费量意味着每桶加州重油竭尽全力从加拿大沥青砂岩中提取材料。

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There must be solutions with less severe tradeoffs than shale gas and tar sands oil.

FORBES: Frack That! The Innovators in Maine Have Plans to Power the Entire State with Offshore Wind

That figure includes natural gas and tar sands.

FORBES: The Big Plunge

While there are legitimate environmental worries, replacing gas exports with tar-sands oil is vital for economic growth, argues Matthew Akman, an analyst at Scotiabank.

ECONOMIST: Energy in Canada