...术标准研究方面卓有成就的学者,他通过比较电信和互联网,研究了其技术创新过程,提出了在电信中的正式标准(Formal Standards)和互联网中的事实标准(De facto Standards)分类。他认为正式标准来自于标准起草组织机构,而事实标准产生于市场运行之中。
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In professional and personal life we are often required to comply with formal standards.
在专业和个人生活中,我们往往需要服从正式标准。
This factor, intangible as it seems, is written into the formal standards for promotion at my own institution, Harvard Business School.
这个因素,就好像无形资产在哈佛商学院被写入了晋升的正式标准中。
Development organizations typically have standards, though their expression may be formal or informal.
开发组织一般都拥有标准,尽管它们的表达是正式或非正式的。
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