Exotic insect pests can produce both short-and long-term effects on forest ecosystems.

外来害虫可以对森林生态系统产生短期和长期的影响。

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Long-term effects are primarily mediated by changes in tree species composition and the consequent alterations of forest structure, productivity, and nutrient uptake.

长期影响主要是由树种组成的变化以及随之而来的森林结构、生产力和养分吸收的变化所导致的。

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It was the second such drought in the Amazon in five years, and forest scientists are trying to understand why these droughts are happening, and what their effects will be for the planet.

这已经是五年来的第二场干旱了，而科学家们正在研究并试图弄清楚这些干旱为什么会发生，而它们又会对我们的星球产生怎样的影响。

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The presence of both pristine and rehabilitated forests makes Mount Kuwol an important area to study the ecological changes and effects of forest rehabilitation as well as the associated biodiversity.

UNESCO: Natural Sciences

As investors see the value of diversification into sustainable tropical forestry on their portfolio then even a small asset allocation into this asset class will have huge positive effects on forest preservation at a time the world needs stable tropical forest holdings most.

ECONOMIST: Letters

Indonesia possesses the responsibility to manage our forests, to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gas effects from the forest.

WHITEHOUSE: President Obama and President Yudhoyono Press Availability | The White House