Exotic insect pests can produce both short-and long-term effects on forest ecosystems.

外来害虫可以对森林生态系统产生短期和长期的影响。

youdao

Finally, the conference established the framework for a European research network on forest ecosystems.

最后，会议为欧洲森林生态系统研究网建立了框架。

youdao

The first is climate change, which is expected to redraw the map of forest ecosystems.

第一是气候变化，人们预计这会重塑森林生态系统的版图。

youdao

The concept of sustainable use of biodiversity is essential in this regard: it means that forest species, ecosystems and genes are used in a way and at a rate that does not lead to the long-term decline of biodiversity, thereby maintaining its potential to meet the needs and aspirations of present and future generations.

UNESCO: Indigenous Peoples

The management of coastal ecosystems can supplement efforts to reduce emissions from tropical forest degradation.

UNESCO: Social and Human Sciences

As the Nature piece notes, a 2010 study found that reports of drought-related forest stress and destruction had risen steadily since 1985 in varied ecosystems around the world, and suggested the pattern was tied to climate change.

FORBES: Forests and Climate Change: a Combustible Combination