In contrast, a complex climax community, such as a temperate forest, will tolerate considerable damage from weather to pests.

相反，一个复杂的顶极群落，如温带森林，将承受天气和害虫所带来的大规模破坏。

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Hence, there is a real concern throughout Europe about the damage to the forest environment which threatens these three basic roles.

因此，整个欧洲都十分关注威胁到这三个基本作用的森林环境的破坏情况。

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Insects and pathogens are integral components of forest ecosystems and normally are present at a relatively low density, causing little damage, and having negligible impact on tree growth and vigour.

昆虫和病原体是森林生态系统的固有成分，通常其密度相对较低，所造成的损害较小，对树木生长及其活力的影响微乎其微。

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And when they go into the forest, they also damage a lot of the trees we need.

BBC: Brazil settlers in land disputes over Amazon farming

Forest fires have done the most damage and continue to be the biggest threat.

ECONOMIST: A new twist to an old tale

But in the longer term the damage caused to the forest by human activity could have even greater repercussions.

CNN: Logging decimates African rainforest