Since the 80-90's of 20th Century, a transformation of the curriculum studies paradigm has occurred in the western curriculum study fields on the leading of America.

20世纪80、90年代以来，以美国为代表的西方课程研究领域，出现了课程研究范式的转换。

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The achievement test designed according to the curriculum criterion is to measure to what degree students master the concepts, the principle and the knowledge in certain fields.

成就测验就是根据课程标准和教学目标要求编制，用以测量学生对某一学科领域知识、概念、法则等掌握程度的学绩测验。

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"New free schools will have to demonstrate that they can provide a broad and balanced curriculum and that pupils will have access to playing fields for those activities, " he said.

BBC: Academies Bill 'could reduce playing fields provision'

The composition of course taking within a specific vocational curriculum also shifted away from courses that were part of an organized sequence and toward specialty courses within various fields.

UNESCO: II Part Analytic Section