...为保险人的期望成本提供充分的资金，并且能够为保险公司的所有者投入的资金带来公平的回报，该保费即为公平保费（Fair Premium），对于绝大多数保险险种来说，期望索赔成本是公平保费的主要组成部分，而期望索赔成本[又称纯保费（Pure Premium）或精算公平保费...
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Actuarial approach turns the option pricing problem into an equivalent insurance or a fair premium determination. There are no economical considerations involved, and our approach is valid even when the market is arbitrage, non-equilibrium and incompleteness.
保险精算方法将期权定价问题转化为等价的公平保费确定问题，由于无任何经济假设，所以它不仅对无套利、均衡、完备的市场有效，且对有套利、非均衡、不完备的市场也有效。
参考来源 - 几种奇异期权的保险精算定价研究Customer chooses the optimal PQ level according to the quality cost of itself, and reduces the extra PQ risk by stop loss insurance. The less premium in fair premium can prompt the customer to take part in the insurance.
用户根据自身的质量成本选择最经济的电能质量水平,同时通过停止损失保险降低额外风险,按公平保费理论收取保费,相对较低的保险费能激励用户参加保险。
参考来源 - 基于风险管理的多质量等级电能定价方法研究·2,447,543篇论文数据，部分数据来源于NoteExpress
The final chapter combines the prior sections' result to deduce out the fair premium formula, and apply it to price the catastrophe insurance.
第五章结合前几章的结果给出非寿险公司公平保费的定价公式，并运用它给出了巨灾保险价格的模拟分析。
The results show that earnings became more volatile under fair value accounting, and investors require risk premium on the extra earnings volatility in which fair value accounting results.
研究发现，公允价值变动损益对上市公司盈利波动的确具有显著影响，并且投资者会对公允价值变动损益带来的公司盈利额外波动要求风险溢价。
It was not the fair market value of the inventories, receivables or fixed assets that produced the premium rates of return.
并不是公允市场价值的库存，应收款，或者固定资产，产生了这种非凡的回报率。
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