It is essential to the spatial raster data structure of GIS; in fact, all spatial analysis about raster data is based on the digital topology.

数字拓扑主要研究栅格空间中离散几何对象的拓扑性质，这些性质在GIS空间分析和栅格数据处理中非常重要。

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The study is an empirical one, mainly based on qualitative analysis of the data, which is in fact the pragmatic interpretation of the answer to the questions.

研究性质为定性研究，因为研究主要基于对语料的分析，即对语料的语用解释。

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Until recently, a fact-based analysis of these numbers would have involved months of pulling data from spreadsheets from hundreds of schools, departments, and government agencies.

FORBES: Living in a World of Seven Billion

Until recently a fact-based analysis of these numbers would have taken months of pulling data from spreadsheets from hundreds of schools, departments and government agencies.

FORBES: With 7 Billion People, Facts Are No Longer Optional