Too many German leaders seem to take the economy's export orientation as immutable.

非常多的德国领导人似乎认为经济中的以出口为导向是永恒不变的。

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However, higher export orientation has opposite effect as to backward linkage and forward linkage.

然而，企业的出口倾向对前后向联系的作用相反。

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Both the strategies of import substitution and export orientation have their advantages and disadvantages.

进口替代战略和出口导向战略各有利弊。

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