Some of these are extended from shorter-term moving averages, but a pullback to the 5-day or 15-day exponential line could offer an entry point.

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Papadimitriou illustrates it with a chart overlaying an exponential growth line to an inflation adjusted-GDP series from 1967 to today.

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The MACD is calculated by simply subtracting a 26-period exponential moving average (EMA) of the closing prices from a 12-period EMA. The signal line is a nine-period exponential moving average of the MACD.

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