Private firms reacted by reducing capital expenditure (by 8-15%) and research and development (by 7-12%); employment and sales growth also suffered.

私有企业的反应是削减资本支出(8 - 15%)及研发费用(7 - 12%)；就业率及销售增长同样受到伤害。

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Expenditure on preparation of the overall development plan of the new town.

新市镇整体开发计画规划费用。

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In the system of the conventional costing, the expenditure of research and development is always treated as the expense.

在传统成本核算体系下，研究与开发支出往往作为费用处理。

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Centrica's 20% share of the pre-development expenditure will be written off as an exceptional cost in the group's 2012 results.

BBC: Centrica pulls out of new UK nuclear projects

Innovation is not driven by high expenditure on research and development, but by the company's insights into consumer habits.

ECONOMIST: Consumer goods: Cleaning up | The

Unlike Toshiba, which pioneered the laptop computer and has learnt to live with the jittery pace of development and capital expenditure of the computer industry, Hitachi still saunters to the 20-year product cycle of heavy-electrical machinery.

ECONOMIST: Hitachi��s snail-like progress