One study showed that even as few as ten cigarettes a day can damage fertility.

一项研究表明，每天哪怕只抽10支烟也会损害生育能力。

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At a time when Malthusian alarms are ringing because of environmental pressures, falling fertility may even provide a measure of reassurance about global population trends.

在当前因环境压力因素，马尔萨斯人口论向人们敲响警钟时，生育率的降低也不失为人们对全球人口走向担忧的一剂安抚剂。

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But even in the remaining, poorer, half of the world, fertility rates have come down spectacularly, from 5.2 in 1970-75 to 2.6 now.

但就算是在较为贫困的另一半世界，生育率也明显下降，从1970到75年的5.2减少到现在的2.6。

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Falling fertility has taken much of the urgency out of the debate about population growth, at least among experts, since it seems to be solving the problem of excessive births (a view criticised by Mr May, who points out that even if fertility has declined, the momentum of change means populations will go on rising for a while).

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Already, several European nations have fertility rates even more modest than Japan's (though they still have a lower ratio of elderly, due to shorter life spans).

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When the cohort born roughly in the years between 1993 and 2005 enters prime child-bearing years, there is going to be a pretty significant decline in the crude birth rate even if the total fertility rate (TFR) continues to move modestly higher.

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