The system of passive ranging SONAR makes use of the target noise received by the equipment which converts energy from one form to another to estimate the target distance.

被动测距声纳系统是利用换能器基阵接收的目标辐射（噪声）信号来估计目标距离。

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To higher the ranging accuracy, first of all, a bigger array aperture is required to effectively estimate the range of target far away.

为了实现目标的全程测距，首先要求接收阵的孔径应较大，以实现对远程目标距离的有效估计。

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Then they asked the respondents to estimate their level of confidence in their answers, ranging from 50% (a guess) to 100% (perfect confidence).

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That estimate does not include all manner of subsidies doled out to the fossil-fuel industry, ranging from cheap access to oil on government land to the ongoing American military presence in the Middle East.

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